IBDP BIOLOGY

TOPIC :1

CELL BIOLOGY

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1.1:  INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

• Cell Theory

• Functions of Life

• SA : Vol Ratio

• Magnification

• Emergent Properties

• Cell Differentiation

• Stem Cells

• Stem Cell Therapy

• Cell Theory History

• Microscopes

• Cell Scale

     1.2:  ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CELL

• Prokaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotic Cells

• Organelles

• Microscopy

• Cell Micrographs

• Types of Bacteria

• Animal versus Plant Cells

1.3:  MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

• Phospholipid Bilayer

• Membrane Proteins

• Cholesterol

• Fluid-Mosaic Model

• Membrane Models

• Phospholipids

• Membrane Fluidity

• Extracellular Matrix

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 TOPIC 2

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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2.1:  MOLECULES OF METABOLISM

• Molecular Biology

• Organic Compounds

• Organic Subunits -glucose, ribose and fatty  and amino acids

• Organic Polymers -sugars and lipids

• Falsifying Vitalism

• Metabolism

• Anabolism and Catabolism

• Periodic Table

• Types of Bonding

• Trace Elements

2.2:  WATER

• Water Structure

• Hydrogen Bonding

• Thermal Properties

• Cohesive and Adhesive Properties

• Solvent Properties

• Significance of Water

• Water Cycle

2.3:  CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS

• Sugar Subunits

• Sugar Polymers

• Types of Fatty Acids

• Triglycerides

• Lipid Health Risks

• Sugars versus Lipids

• Body Mass Index

• Functions of Lipids

• Lipoproteins

• Lipid Absorption

2.4:  PROTEINS

• Amino Acids

• Peptide Bonds

• Protein Structure

• Denaturation

• Gene ⇒ Polypeptide

• Proteome

• Protein Functions

• The pH Scale

• Fibrous vs Globular Proteins

• Amino Acid Polarity

2.5:  ENZYMES

• Enzyme & Substrate

• Enzyme Catalysis

• Enzyme Specificity

• Enzyme Activity

• Enzyme Experiments

• Enzymes in Industry

• Models of Action

• Types of Enzymes

• Lactose Intolerance

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 TOPIC: 3

GENETICS

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3.1:  GENES

• Genes and Loci

• Alleles

• Mutations

• Genome

• Gene Comparisons

• Types of Mutations

• Sickle Cell versus Malaria

• Genome Structure

• Pseudogenes

3.2:  CHROMOSOMES

• Prokaryotic Genetics

• Eukaryote Genetics

• Identifying Genes

• Homologous Pairs

• Diploid versus Haploid

• Autosome versus Heterosome

• Karyograms

• Chromosome Size

• Chromosome Number

• Genome Size

• Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic DNA

• Chromosome Types

• Block Mutations

• Sex Determination

3.3:  MEIOSIS

• Meiotic Division

• Sister Chromatids

• Stages of Meiosis

• Crossing Over

• Random Assortment

• Sexual Life Cycle

• Genetic Variation

• Non-Disjunction

• Karyotyping

• Drawing Meiosis

• Mitosis versus Meiosis

• Somatic vs Germline Mutations

• Polyploidy

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TOPIC 4

ECOLOGY

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4.1:  SPECIES COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS

• Species

• Ecology Terms

• Modes of Nutrition

• Autotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• Nutrient Cycling

• Mesocosms 

• Chi Squared Test

• Types of Metabolism

• Species Interactions

• Niches

• Chi Squared Table

4.2:  ENERGY FLOW

• Energy Source

• Energy Flow

• Energy Loss

• Energy Efficiency

• Pyramids of Energy

• Ecological Productivity

• Food Webs

• Ecological Pyramids

• Bio magnification

4.3:  CARBON CYCLING

• Carbon Cycle

• Carbon Compounds

• Aquatic Conversions

• Methane

• Fossil Fuels

• Combustion

• Carbon Fluxes

• Biogeochemical Cycles

• Ocean Acidification

• Biofuels

4.4:  CLIMATE CHANGE

•  Greenhouse Gases

• Greenhouse Effect

• CO2 Concentrations

• Climate Changes

• Ocean Acidification

• Greenhouse Debate

• Water Cycle

• Precautionary Principle

• Carbon Footprint

• Greenhouse Impacts

TOPIC 5

EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY

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5.1:  EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

• Evolution

• Fossil Record

• Selective Breeding

• Comparative Anatomy

• Speciation

• Evolution Example

• Other Evidence

• Fossilisation

• Geological Time Scale

• Radioactive Dating

5.2:  NATURAL SELECTION

• Natural Selection

• Variation

• Competition

• Adaptations

• Allele Frequency

• Adaptive Radiation

• Antibiotic Resistance

• Theories of Evolution

• Selection Pressures

• Species Diversification

• Artificial Gene Transfer

5.3:  CLASSIFICATION OF BIODIVERSITY

• Binomial System

• Domains of Life

• Hierarchy of Taxa

• Classification

• Plant Phyla

• Animal Phyla

• Vertebrate Classes

• Dichotomous Keys

• Past Nomenclatures

• Archaea vs Eubacteria

• Animal Complexity

• Virus Classification

5.4:  CLADISTICS

• Clades

• Cladograms

• Molecular Evidence

• Structural Evidence

• Clade Reclassification

• In Situ Hybridisation

• Mitochondrial DNA

                                                           TOPIC 6

                                                 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

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6.1:  DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

• Digestive System

• Mechanical Digestion

• Chemical Digestion

• Small Intestine

• Absorption

• Starch Digestion

• Modelling Digestion

• Stages of Digestion

• Lipid Digestion

• Lipid Absorption

• Sections of the Gut

6.2:  THE BLOOD SYSTEM

• Circulation

• Arteries

• Capillaries

• Veins

• Vessel Comparison

• Heart Structure

• Heart Beat

• Heart Rate

• Cardiac Cycle

• Heart Disease

• Blood Composition

• Blood Pressure

• Electrocardiograph

6.3:  DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTION DISEASES

• Surface Barriers

• Clotting

• Phagocytes

• Lymphocytes

• Antibiotics

• Penicillin

• HIV Infection

• Pathogens

• Lines of Defence

• Inflammation

• Types of Leukocytes

• Haemophilia

• Immunity Analogy

6.4:  GAS EXCHANGE

• Ventilation

• Lung Structure

• Pneumocystis’

• Mechanism of Breathing

• Respiratory Muscles

• Lung Disorders

• Spirometry

• Lung Capacity

• Effect of Exercise

• More Lung Disorders

6.5:  NEURONS AND SYNAPSES

• Neurons

• Resting Potential

• Action Potential

• Nerve Impulses

• Oscilloscope Traces

• Myelination

• Synaptic Transfer

• Neurotransmitters

• Graded Potentials

• Nervous System

• Stimulus-Response

• Reflex Actions

• Summation

• Types of Neurotransmitters

6.5:  HORMONES HOMEOSTASIS AND REPRODUCTION

• Insulin and Glucagon

• Thyroxin

• Leptin

• Melatonin

• Sexual Reproduction

• Sex Development

• Male Reproductive System

• Female Reproductive System

• Menstrual Cycle

• In Vitro Fertilisation

• Homeostasis

• Feedback Loops

• Endocrine System

• Types of Hormones

• Gender Issues

• Menstrual Events

•                                          Additional Higher Level (AHL) Topics

                                                                          Topic 7:

                                                                   NUCLEIC ACIDS

7.1:  DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION

• Hershey and Chase

• Structure of DNA

• DNA Replication (HL)

• Okazaki Fragments

• DNA Sequencing

• Non-coding DNA

• Nucleosomes

• DNA Experiments

• Origins of Replication

• Supercoiling

• Genes versus Repetitive DNA

• Telomerase

7.2:  TRANSCRIPTION AND GENE EXPRESSION

• Sections of a Gene

• Transcription (HL)

• Messenger RNA

• Gene Expression

• Epigenetics

• Types of RNA

• Operons

• RNA Interference

• Reverse Transcription

• Microarrays

7.3:  TRANSLATION

• Ribosomes and tRNA

• tRNA Activation

• Translation (HL)

• Polysomes

• Protein Destinations

• Protein Structure

• Protein Modification

• Protein Expression

• Amino Acid Polarity

• Fibrous vs Globular Proteins

• Visualising Proteins

                                                                 TOPIC:8

                                    METABOLISM, CELL RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS

8.1:  METABOLISM

• Metabolic Pathways

• Activation Energy

• Enzyme Inhibition

• Feedback Inhibition

• Enzyme Kinetics

• Rational Drug Design

• Models of Action

• Allosterism

• Yeast-2-Hybrid System

8.2:  CELL RESPIRATION

• Energy Conversions

• Glycolysis

• Link Reaction

• Krebs Cycle

• Electron Transport Chain

• Aerobic Overview

• Mitochondria

• Uses of ATP

• Energy Sources

• Anaerobic versus Aerobic Respiration

• Phosphagen System

8.3:  PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Photosynthesis

• Light Dependent Reactions

• Photophosphorylation

• Light Independent Reactions

• Calvin Cycle

• Chloroplast

• Photosynthesis vs Respiration

• Accessory Pigments

• C3, C4 and CAM Plants

• Global Artificial Photosynthesis Project (GAP project) 

                                                             TOPIC: 9

                                                      PLANT BIOLOGY

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9.1:  TRANSPORT IN THE XYLEM OF PLANTS

• Transpiration

• Evaporation

• Transpiration Stream

• Root Uptake

• Xylem Structure

• Water Conservation

• Plant Experiments

• Leaf Tissue

• Stem Tissue

• Root Tissue

9.2:  TRANSPORT IN  PHLOEM OF PLANTS

• Active Translocation

• Phloem Structure

• Phloem Loading

• Mass Flow

• Translocation Rate

• Xylem versus Phloem

• Storage Organs

• Fungal Hyphae

9.3:  GROWTH IN PLANTS

• Meristems

• Apical Growth

• Auxin

• Tropisms

• Micropropagation

• Lateral Growth

• Plant Hormones

9.2:  REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

• Plant Reproduction

• Flowering

• Flower Structure

• Photoperiodism

• Seed Structure

• Germination

• Monocots versus Dicots

• Germination Stages

                                                          TOPIC : 10

                                           GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

10.1:  MEIOSIS

• Interphase

• Stages of Meiosis

• Random Assortment

• Chiasmata

• Crossing Over

• Drawing Meiosis

• Meiosis vs Mitosis

• Stages of Prophase

• Mendel and Meiosis

10.2:  INHERITANCE

• Dihybrid Crosses

• Linked Genes

• Recombinants

• Chi Squared Test

• Chi Squared Table

• Polygenic Traits

• Test Cross

• Centimorgan

10.3:  GENE POOLS AND SPECIATION

• Evolution

• Allele Distribution

• Types of Selection

• Isolation Barriers

• Speciation

• Pace of Speciation

• Species Caveats

• Allopolyploidy

• Extinction

• Polymorphisms

• Hardy-Weinberg Principle

                                                                               TOPIC: 11

                                                                   ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

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11.1:  ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND VACCINATION

• Self versus Non-Self

• Pathogenesis

• Clonal Selection

• Antibodies

• Immunity

• Allergens

• Vaccination

• Monoclonal Antibodies

• Lymphatic System

• Immune Pathways

• Types of Immunity

• Immune Disorders

11.2:  MOVEMENT

• Skeletal Framework

• Joints

• Muscles

• Muscle Fibres

• Sarcomeres

• Muscle Contraction

• State of Contraction

• Types of Levers

• Types of Muscles

• Slow vs Fast Twitch

11.3:  THE KIDNEY AND OSMOREGULATION

• Excretory Systems

• Malpighian Tubules

• Kidneys

• Nephrons

• Ultrafiltration

• Selective Reabsorption

• Osmoregulation

• Water Balance

• Kidney Disease

• Kidney Stones

• Renin

11.4:  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• Gametogenesis

• Reproductive Tissue

• Egg and Sperm

• Animal Fertilization

• Human Fertilization

• Embryo Development

• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

• Placenta

• Birth Process

• Gestation Periods

• Semen Production

• Amniotic Sa

• OPTIONAL TOPICS

OPTION A

NEUROBIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

(CORE TOPICS)

A:1 NEURAL DEVELOPMENT

• Neurulation

• Spina Bifida

• Neuron Development

• Synaptic Formation

• Neuroplasticity

• Strokes

• Gastrulation

• Types of Neuroglia

A:2 THE HUMAN BRAIN

• Brain Formation

• Brain Sections

• Brain Functions

• Cerebral Cortex

• Cerebral Hemispheres

• Autonomic Control

• Brain Damage

• Encephalization

• Brain Metabolism

• Brain Matter

• Sensorimotor Areas

• Blood-Brain Barrier

A:3 PERCEPTION OF STIMULI

• Sensory Perception

• Sensory Structures

• Photoreception

• Visual Processing

• Hearing

• Vestibular System

• Olfaction

• Perception Issues

• Types of Vision

• Edge Enhancement

• Gustation

• OPTION A: NEUROBIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR (ADDITIONAL HIGHER LEVEL TOPICS)

A:4 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOUR

• Innate Behaviour

• Reflex Arcs

• Learned Behaviour

• Conditioning

• Birdsong Development

• Memory

• Habituation

• Insight Learning

A:5 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

• Synaptic Transmission

• Neuromodulators

• Psychoactive Drugs

• Anesthetics

• Endorphins

• Addiction

• Types of Neurotransmitters

• Anti-Drug Vaccines

A:6 ETHOLOGY

• Ethology

• Migration

• Altruism

• Foraging

• Breeding Behaviours

• Innate versus Learned Behaviour

• Social Hierarchies

• Sexual Dimorphism

• OPTION B: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS (CORE TOPICS)

B:1 MICROBIOLOGY: ORGANISMS IN INDUSTRY

• Microorganisms

• Gram Staining

• Bactericides

• Fermenters

• Batch versus Continuous Culture

• Pathway Engineering

• Biogas Production

• Archaea versus Eubacteria

• Types of Eubacteria

• Biofuels

B:2 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

• Transgenics

• Gene Identification

• Gene Delivery Systems

• Gene Expression

• GM Crops

• Environmental Impact

• Other GM Examples

• Edible Vaccines

B:3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

• Bioremediation

• Pollutant Metabolism

• Biofilms

• Use of Biofilms

• Bacteriophages

• Eutrophication

• Plastic Pollution

• Biomagnification

• OPTION B: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS (ADDITIONAL HIGHER LEVEL TOPICS)

B:4 MEDICINE

• Disease Markers

• DNA Microarrays

• PCR Analysis

• enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

• Tracking Experiments

• Biopharming

• Gene Therapy

• Pharmacogenomics

• Gene Editing

• Yeast-2-Hybrid System

B:5 BIOINFORMATICS

• Databases

• Gene Discovery

• Sequence Alignment

• Phylogenetics

• Gene Knockouts

• RNA Interference

• Allele Frequencies

C:1 SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES

• Survival Factors

• Species Distribution

• Ecological Niche

• Species Interactions

• Keystone Species

• Plant Survival

• Animal Survival

C:2  COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEM

• Trophic Levels

• Energy Conversions

• Feed Conversion Ratio

• Types of Ecosystems

• Ecosystem Analysis

• Primary Succession

• Ecological Disturbance

• Types of Biomes

• Ecological Pyramids

• Sustainable Food Practices

C:3  IMPACTS OF HUMANS ON  ECOSYSTEMS

• Invasive Species

• Biological Control

• Biomagnification

• Plastic Pollution

• Chlorofluorocarbons

• Earth Spheres

C:4  CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

• Indicator Species

• Biodiversity

• Biogeographic Factors

• Conservation

• Endangered Species

• Extinction

• OPTION C: ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION (ADDITIONAL HIGHER LEVEL TOPICS)

C:5  POPULATION ECOLOGY

• Population Size

• Population Sampling

• Population Growth

• Sigmoid Growth Curve

• Population Factors

• Sustainable Yields

• r / K Strategies

• Population Clocks

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C:6  NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CYCLES

• Nitrogen Cycle

• Waterlogging

• Phosphorus Cycle

• Phosphate Availability

• Eutrophication

• Soil Content

• Haber Process

• Sulphur Cycle

• OPTION D: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ( CORE TOPICS)

D:1  HUMAN NUTRITION

• Essential Nutrients

• Energy Sources

• Amino Acids

• Lipids

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Appetite and Diet

• Dietary Intake

• Food Pyramids

• Dietary Supplements

D:2  DIGESTION

• Exocrine Glands

• Gastric Secretions

• Stomach Acid

• Intestinal Villi

• Dietary Fibre

• Digestive Infections

• Digestive Juices

• Gastric Pits

D:3  FUNCTION OF THE LIVER

• Liver Blood Flow

• Liver Structure

• Nutrient Supply

• Detoxification

• Plasma Proteins

• Erythrocyte Recycling

• Jaundice

• Deamination

• Liver and Alcohol

D:4  THE HEART

• Cardiac Muscle

• Cardiac Conduction

• Heart Sounds

• Electrocardiography

• Cardiac Output

• Heart Disorders

• Heart Treatments

• Circulation

• Heart Measurements

• OPTION D: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ( ADDITIONAL HIGHER LEVEL TOPICS)

• Endocrine Glands

• Types of Hormones

• Pituitary Gland

• Growth Hormone

• Lactation

• Types of Signalling

• Hormone Comparison

• Feedback Loops

• Iodine Deficiency

• Lung Tissue

• Oxygen Dissociation Curve

• Carbon Dioxide Transport

• Blood pH

• Bohr Shift

• Respiratory Control

• High Altitude Training

• Emphysema

• Asthma

• Lung Cance